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Years before the advent of plate tectonics—the widely accepted theory, developed in the mid-1960s, that holds that the major features

of Earth's surface are created by the horizontal motions of Earth's outer shell, or lithosphere—a similar theory was rejected by the geological community. In 1912, Alfred Wegener proposed, in a widely debated theory that came to be called continental drift, that Earth's continents were mobile. To most geologists today, Wegener’s The Origin of Continents and Oceans appears an impressive and prescient document, containing several of the essential presumptions underlying plate tectonics theory: the horizontal mobility of pieces of Earth's crust; the essential difference between oceanic and continental crust; and a causal connection between horizontal displacements and the formation of mountain chains. Yet despite the considerable overlap between Wegener’s concepts and the later widely embraced plate tectonics theory, and despite the fact that continental drift theory presented a possible solution to the problem of the origin of mountains at a time when existing explanations were seriously in doubt, in its day Wegener’s theory was rejected by the vast majority of geologists.

Most geologists and many historians today believe that Wegener's theory was rejected because of its lack of an adequate mechanical basis. Stephen Jay Gould, for example, argues that continental drift theory was rejected because it did not explain how continents could move through an apparently oceanic floor. However, as Anthony Hallam has pointed out, many scientific phenomena, such as the ice ages, have been accepted before they could be fully explained. The most likely cause for the rejection of continental drift—a cause that hasbeen largely ignored because we consider Wegener's theory to have been validated by the theory of plate tectonics—is the nature of the evidence that was put forward to support it. Most of Wegener's evidence consisted of homol0gies—similarities of patterns and forms based on direct observations of rocks in the field, supported by the use of hammers, hand lenses, and field notebooks. In contrast, the data supporting plate tectonics were impressively geophysical—instrumental| determinations of the physical properties of Earth garnered through the use of seismographs, magnetometers, and computers.

The author cites Hallam (see highlighted text) on the ice

ages primarily in order to

A. provide an example of a geologic phenomenon whose precise causes are not understood by geologists today
B. criticize the geological community for an apparent lack of consistency in its responses to new theories
C. offer evidence held to undermine a common view of why Wegener's theory was not accepted in its day

D. give an example of a modern scientist who believes that Wegener’s theory was rejected because it failed to adequately explain the mechanical basis of continental drift
E. support Gould's rationale for why Wegener's theory was rejected by most geologists in the early twentieth century

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構(gòu)圖) 1.Before the advent of the widely accepted theory, developed---a similar theory was rejected by the geological community. (1) 1912, Alfred Wegener (AW)proposed, in a widely debated theory ---continental drift---Earth's continents were mobile. (2)To most geologists today, AW’s( The Origin of Continents and Oceans )appears an impressive and prescient document, containing several of the essential presumptions underlying plate tectonics theory... (3) Yet despite the considerable overlap between AW’S concepts and the later widely embraced plate tectonics theory... in its day AW’S theory was rejected by the vast majority of geologists. 2. Most geologists and many historians today believe--- AW’s theory was rejected because lack---an adequate mechanical basis. (1) Stephen Jay Gould, argues that continental drift theory was rejected because it did not explain how continents could move through an apparently oceanic floor. (2)However, as Anthony Hallam has pointed out, many scientific phenomena---have been accepted---before they could be fully explained. The most likely cause for the rejection of continental drift---(ignore)because we consider AW’s theory to have been validated by the theory of plate tectonics—is the nature of the evidence--supports. (3) Most of AW’s evidence consisted of homologies(similarities of patterns and forms based on direct observations of rocks in the field)... (4)In contrast, the data (supporting plate tectonics) were impressively geophysical—instrumental| determinations of the physical properties of Earth garnered... 1.在廣泛被接受理論（即版塊構(gòu)造學(xué)）出現(xiàn)之前，一個相似的理論被地質(zhì)學(xué)界反對。 (1)1912年，AW在廣泛debated 理論（即大陸漂移說）提到：地球版塊是移動的。 (2)對大多數(shù)今天的地質(zhì)學(xué)家來說,AW’s “關(guān)于海洋陸地起源”是一個impressive 和精確的文件，這里面包含了一些主要的(基于版塊構(gòu)造學(xué))假設(shè)...(后面有幾個假設(shè)) (3)然而：盡管有重疊存在于AW’s的觀點和廣泛持有的版塊構(gòu)造理論之間,盡管大陸漂移說存在疑問；但是AW’s的理論在他的時代被大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家反對了。 2.大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家和歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為：AW’s的理論被反對的原因是：缺少精確的“力學(xué)基礎(chǔ)”。 (1)SJ 爭論：大陸漂移說被反對是以為它不能解釋版塊能夠移動通過一個透明的海洋層。 (2)然而：AH指出：許多科學(xué)現(xiàn)象被接受是在它們能夠被完全解釋清楚之前。反對版塊漂移說最可能的原因是（先前忽略掉的）我們考慮到AW’s理論被版塊構(gòu)造學(xué)支持確認(rèn)，一直都是我們用來支持它的證據(jù)。 (3)大多數(shù)AW’s證據(jù)是由同源性組成的（基于在巖石觀察領(lǐng)域類型，形式） (4)對比而言：支持版塊構(gòu)造的數(shù)據(jù)是很偏地質(zhì)物理的... 根據(jù)題干，定位在這里： However, as Anthony Hallam has pointed out, many scientific phenomena, such as the ice ages, have been accepted before they could be fully explained.The most likely cause for the rejection of continental drift—a cause that has been largely ignored because we consider Wegener's theory to have been validated by the theory of plate tectonics—is the nature of the evidence that was put forward to support it. A. are not understood by geologists today文章沒說不能被理解 B. new theories 新說法 C. offer evidence held to undermine a common view of why Wegener's theory was not accepted in its day 這里就是要支持AW的觀點，C答案正好說明了這點；undermine D. it failed to adequately explain the mechanical basis 與文章不一致 E. support Gould's rationale... in the early twentieth century 未說道